was the elizabethan religious settlement successful

As the historian D. Starkey notes, Elizabeth's cautious reforms resulted in "a Church that was Protestant in doctrine, Catholic in appearance" (314). Yes and no. Elizabeth I and The Spanish Armada Flashcards | Quizlet Act of Supremacy (1559): This Act established Elizabeth I as Supreme Governor of the Church of England. [91], By 1572, the debate between Puritans and conformists had entered a new phasechurch government had replaced vestments as the major issue. John Whitgift of Cambridge University, a leading advocate for conformity, published a reply in October 1572, and he and Cartwright subsequently entered into a pamphlet war. [62] Although it was not legally required, it was traditional for virtually all Protestant churches and was also used at home. Many of these instructions concerned preachers who now had to have a license issued by a bishop and who were obliged to hold at least one service each month or lose that license. [32] This made it easier for priests to "counterfeit" the Mass without risking arrest. Why did Henry VIII break with the Catholic Church? [29], The bill easily passed the House of Commons. The Queen still believed there should be a division between the chancel and the rest of the church. In 1539, Henry tried to walk back some of his more Lutheran-leaning reforms and make the Church of England more Catholic by reaffirming transubstantiation and celibacy for clerics. 2 Church Illustration from the Surrey Archaeological collection 1854. [112], The Church of England was fundamentally changed. 'Elizabeth's religious settlement was a successful compromise - Quizlet After his wife, Catherine of Aragon, failed to produce a male heir, Henry applied to the pope for an annulment of his marriage. [115], Diarmaid MacCulloch states that Hooker's writings helped to create an "Anglican synthesis". [51], Many parishes were slow to comply with the injunctions. [94] Rather, the Admonition's authors believed that presbyterianism was the only biblical form of church government, whereas Whitgift argued that no single form of church government was commanded in the Bible. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement (1559) - Elizabeth I of England In the aftermath of the conformist assault, the 1590s were relatively free of theological controversy. The Directory was not a liturgical book but only a set of directions and outlines for services. The remaining bishops were all Catholics appointed during Mary's reign, and Elizabeth's advisers hoped they could be persuaded to continue serving. The papal bull Regnans in Excelsis released Elizabeth's Catholic subjects from any obligation to obey her. Afterwards, executions of Catholic priests became more common, and in 1585, it became treason for a Catholic priest to enter the country, as well as for anyone to aid or shelter him. ", Salvation comes from God's grace alone and not through good works. Twenty bishops (all Roman Catholics)[22] sat in the House of Lords as Lords Spiritual, and the Lords in general were opposed to change. "The Elizabethan Religious Settlement." [82] Afterwards, efforts to identify recusants and force them to conform increased. We care about our planet! Anne gave birth to Henry's daughter; Elizabeth I and Henry was undoubtedly disappointed again. Wealthy church papists attended their parish church but had Mass at home or hired two chaplains, one to perform the prayer book service and the other to perform the Mass. There was much debate among traditionalists and zealous reformers about how this new church should look. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. Bishop Goldwell of St Asaph was never summoned to Parliament, and the elderly Bishop Tunstall of Durham was excused from attending on account of age. Almost 200 Catholic priests and those who helped them were hunted and burned. He refused, so the Queen left the chapel before the consecration. She tried to make everyone happy and to at least avoid infuriating any more people. Edward VI believed that strict Protestantism was best for the Church of England, and his reforms undid all of the protections for traditional religion enacted in 1539. A proclamation forbade any "breach, alteration, or change of any order or usage presently established within this our realm". The Admonition Controversy was not a disagreement over soteriologyboth Cartwright and Whitgift believed in predestination and that human works played no role in salvation. The Elizabethan Settlement was religious legislation passed from 1559 to 1571 that intended to provide a compromise between English Catholics and Protestants. John Calvin, an influential Continental reformer, had called Henry VIII's claim to supreme headship blasphemy. Henry was later excommunicated from the Catholic Church after his secret marriage to Anne. Cartwright, Mark. [5][6] The Mass, the central act of Catholic worship, was condemned as idolatry and replaced with a Protestant communion service, a reminder of Christ's crucifixion. The Elizabethan . The Queen did not approve, disliking any attempt to undermine the concept of religious uniformity and her own religious settlement. The bill was hotly debated but eventually passed by three votes. Article 34, for example, stated the following: It is not necessary that Traditions and Ceremonies be in all places one, or utterly alike; for at all times they have been divers, and may be changed according to the diversities of countries, times and men's manners, so [provided] that nothing be ordained against God's WordEvery particular or national church hath authority to ordain, change, and abolish ceremonies or rites of the Church. [107], The Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 allowed for the restoration of the Elizabethan Settlement as well. Before 1574, most laymen were not made to take the Oath of Supremacy and the 12d fine for missing a service was poorly enforced. Now outside the established church, the different strands of the Puritan movement evolved into separate denominations: Congregationalists, Presbyterians, and Baptists. The settlement continued the English Reformation which had begun during the reign of her father, Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE) whereby the Protestant Church of England split from the Catholic Church led . The collections at Royal Museums Greenwich offer a world-class resource for researching maritime history, astronomy and time. Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. 30 Apr 2023. The Elizabethan Settlement was an attempt to end this religious turmoil. The settlement itself was written out in two Acts of Parliament, the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity 1559. Puritan clergy in this movement organised local presbyteries or classes, from which the movement took its name. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. In 1571, the Thirty-Nine Articles were adopted as a confessional statement for the church, and a Book of Homilies was issued outlining the church's reformed theology in greater detail. [44], In the summer of 1559, the government conducted a royal visitation of the dioceses. Most of the parish clergy were Catholics. [32] The Litany in the 1552 book had denounced "the bishop of Rome, and all his detestable enormities". Indulge in gifts inspired by its Elizabethan symbolism. [77], In 1569, the Revolt of the Northern Earls attempted to overthrow England's Protestant regime. Fig. Subsequently, two Catholics, John Felton and John Story, were executed for treason. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. In addition, the Pope excommunicated Elizabeth for heresy in 1570 CE. 8,000 priests and less important clergy did so. Others refused to conform. [11], Elizabeth's religious views were Protestant, though "peculiarly conservative". Symbolic of the general compromises going on, priests could place a crucifix and candles on the table. There are only two sacraments: Baptism and Communion, or the Lord's Supper. According to the prayer book, the table should be placed permanently in the chancel oriented east to west. These articles served as the foundation for the Church of England's doctrine. [87] Bishop Jewel called the surplice a "vestige of error". Rycote Chapel, OxfordshirePeter Reed (CC BY-NC) Did the Elizabethan Settlement heal the divide between English Catholics and Protestants? All clergy and royal office-holders would be required to swear an Oath of Supremacy. Elizabeth herself was happy enough to have such quintessential Catholic elements as candles and a crucifix in her own private chapel. Again, the question remained a moving target, and many-faced persecution as the definition of acceptable religion continued to shift. Churchwarden accounts indicate that half of all parishes kept Catholic vestments and Mass equipment for at least a decade. The is essay will argue that in the period 15581564 the religious settlement was broadly success useful as it was slowly adhered to with little opposition up until 1564. [61] By far the most popular and reprinted metrical Psalter was Thomas Sternhold's Whole book of Psalms. This debacle occurred at the same time that Puritanism's most powerful defenders at Court were dying off. The queen's precise personal views on religion were difficult to determine. [7] Christ's Real Presence in the Eucharist was no longer explained by the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation; instead, the 1552 Book of Common Prayer promoted the Reformed teaching of Christ's spiritual presence. Divisions in religion could so easily lead to a damaging civil war. Instead of treating these objects as being transformed into the body and blood of Jesus Christ when blessed by a Catholic priest, the Protestant preacher merely encouraged the believer to take them as a reminder of Christ's sacrifice. Find out with the European Space Agency's groundbreaking mission, Explore how water and the sea seeps into Shakespeare's works with the National Maritime Museum, Search our online database and exploreour objects, paintings, archives and library collectionsfrom home, Come behind the scenes at our state-of-the-art conservation studio, Visit the world's largest maritime library and archive collection at the National Maritime Museum, The Van de Veldes: Greenwich, Art and the Sea, Astronomy Photographer of the Year exhibition, Coronation celebrations at Royal Museums Greenwich, A Sea of Drawings: the art of the Van de Veldes, The Prince Philip Maritime Collections Centre, Find out how you can use our collections for research, Royal Greenwich: A History in Kings and Queens by Pieter van der Merwe. She disliked married clergy, held Lutheran views on Eucharistic presence, and there is evidence she preferred the more ceremonial 1549 prayer book. Fig. Clergy were to wear the surplice (rather than cope or chasuble) for services. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. After the Restoration in 1660, the Settlement was restored, and the Puritans were forced out of the Church of England. This change of title placated those who did not feel that a woman could be the head of the church, and the act passed fairly easily. The Church of England was then moved even closer towards full Protestantism under Henry's successor, his son Edward VI of England (r. 1547-1553 CE). In 1560, Bishop Grindal was allowed to enforce the demolition of rood lofts in London. The fine was one shilling, then about one day's labour for a skilled worker, but few were collected in practice. Haigh argues that the Act of Uniformity "produced an ambiguous Book of Common Prayer: a liturgical compromise which allowed priests to perform the Church of England communion with Catholic regalia, standing in the Catholic position, and using words capable of Catholic interpretation". It can be argued the settlement was successful among ordinary people as there were no widespread religious inspired revolts, unlike under HVIII (drawing comparisons across the Tudor period). When Henry died in 1547, the Protestants gained the upper hand. Extremism would not be tolerated and name-calling and mud-slinging would not move things forward. Elizabeth I knew that one of her first acts as queen needed to resolve the ongoing confusion about what the Church of England was. [67] Over time, however, this "survivalist Catholicism" was undermined by pressures to conform, giving way to an underground Catholicism completely separate from the Church of England. There were priests who conformed to the prayer book while also providing the Mass to their parishioners. In October 1559, she ordered that a crucifix and candlesticks be placed on the communion table in the Chapel Royal. From there they wrote and published a large body of Catholic polemical work to counter Protestantism, particularly Thomas Harding, Richard Smyth, and William Allen. Two bishops were sent to the Tower of London as a consequence. Why Was The Elizabethan Settlement Important? - QNA Experts [73] They also acted as a "Church government in exile", providing Catholics in England with advice and instructions. However, this stance hardened over time. Mary was just as passionate a Catholic as Edward had been Protestant. [86] Throughout her reign, the Queen successfully blocked attempts by Parliament and the bishops to introduce further change. [39] This theory has been challenged by Christopher Haigh, who argues that Elizabeth wanted radical reform but was pushed in a conservative direction by the House of Lords. Help us and translate this article into another language! [Show more] Take a closer look with the unique Van de Velde drawings collection, How habitable are Jupiter's icy moons? The successful defence of the Kingdom against invasion on such an unprecedented scale boosted the prestige of England's Queen Elizabeth I and encouraged a sense of English pride and nationalism. It restored the 1552 prayer book with some modifications. [113] The suppression and marginalisation of Prayer Book Protestants during the 1640s and 1650s had made the prayer book "an undisputed identifier of an emerging Anglican self-consciousness. . Few thought this was the rubric's meaning, however. Consequently, Elizabeth's reforms would have to be introduced with care. In response, a group of conformists including Richard Bancroft, John Bridges, Matthew Sutcliffe, Thomas Bilson, and Hadrian Saravia began defending the English Church's episcopal polity more strongly, no longer merely accepting it as convenient but asserting it as divine law. Includes paragraphs on the establishment of her religious settlement at the beginning of her reign; the severe opposition (Catholic, Puritan and Presbyterian) faced by her religious settlement throughout her reign which impeded its successful establishment. While many people were either pro-Catholic or pro-Protestant, it is likely that many more were attracted to elements from both sides such as, for example, admiring the beautiful ornamentation of a gold crucifix yet favouring the use of English in services. Matters were to be debated in a respectful fashion. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. [67], Gradually, England was transformed into a Protestant country as the prayer book shaped Elizabethan religious life. Which of the two mentioned historians do you agree with? Elizabethan Religious Settlement - AQA - BBC Bitesize Cartwright, M. (2020, June 02). Henry VIII secured his position on the throne through violence in 1485 when he defeated Richard III. Elizabeth's intention was that the Religious Settlement would prove a compromise acceptable to people of all religious standpoints. [82], The Queen's excommunication and the arrival of the seminary priests brought a change in government policy toward recusants. Likewise, Elizabethan Puritans abandoned the hopeless cause of presbyterianism to focus on less controversial pursuits. Essentially, the act returned churches to their appearance in 1549 CE. Although it did not heal the divide brought on by the Reformation, it did stabilize the Church of England, and many of the religious decisions made during the Elizabethan Settlement period remain part of the Anglican church today. In the end, the Queen and the bishops reached an unspoken compromise. [76] Initially, recusant priests advised the laity to simply abstain from Protestant communion. The Holy Scriptures contain "all things necessary for salvation. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. [100], In the Parliaments of 1584 and 1586, the Puritans attempted to push through legislation that would institute a presbyterian form of government for the Church of England and replace the prayer book with the service book used in Geneva. [25][26], Following the Queen's failure to grant approval to the previous bill, Parliament reconvened in April 1559. Bishops Watson of Lincoln and White of Winchester were imprisoned in the Tower. With bishops, however, only one agreed to take the oath and all the others had to step down. The Book of Common Prayer gave English-speaking people prayers in their language. The reforms included allowing clerics to marry and denying transubstantiation. Thank you! [54], Music in the Church of England was limited to biblical texts and music sung during worship in the early church. During Edward's reign, the Church of England adopted a Reformed theology and liturgy. Elizabethan Settlement: Definition & Summary | StudySmarter [37] This combination could be interpreted as an affirmation of an objective real presence to those who believed in it, while others could interpret it to mean memorialism. The Church of England was Protestant at its core but took the hierarchy from the Catholics by keeping archbishops and bishops. The Council hoped that by separating them at least the Supremacy bill would pass. Henry named Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, as regent for the young King Edward VI. [68][69][70] Efforts to introduce further religious reforms through Parliament or by means of Convocation were consistently blocked by the Queen. To realise this vision it was necessary to reach a new religious settlement that was as inclusive as possible. One, "Of the Worthy Receiving of the Sacrament", added more detail to the church's doctrine of the Eucharist, which was described as "spiritual food" and "a ghostly substance and not carnal" made real by faith. Elizabeth . [15] At Westminster Abbeystill a Benedictine monasterythe Queen disapproved of what she considered Catholic superstition, telling the monks bearing candles in procession, "Away with those torches, for we see very well". Thomas Sampson, a Marian exile, believed that "All scripture seems to assign the title of head of the Church to Christ alone". This pressure meant that the Act was passed by Parliament but only by the slightest of majorities. Discover the rich royal history of the area where Henry VIII builthis first tournament ground, Elizabeth I took daily walks in the Park, and where Charles II raced early royal yachts against his brother We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience and to help us improve our website. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement. During this time, priests said Mass in Latin wearing traditional Catholic vestments. There was a turnover of officials as Elizabeth removed remaining pro-Catholic bishops and, under the 1559 CE Act of Exchange, confiscated their estates (or threatened to if they did not toe the line). World History Encyclopedia. The Act of Supremacy 1559 This required all clergymen and government officers to . Since the Act of Uniformity 1549 which approved the first prayer book was passed in January, it is likely that the provisions of the 1549 prayer book were intended, even though Edward's second year ended several months before the book was published. Same period: some extreme Protestants were disappointed by the religious settlement because think that the religious changes are not extreme enough. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1565/the-elizabethan-religious-settlement/. Every church had to have a Bible in English available to its congregation, no further altars were to be destroyed, and pilgrimages were banned. Some modifications were made to appeal to Catholics and Lutherans, including giving individuals greater latitude concerning belief in the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist and permission to use traditional priestly vestments. So much flipping back and forth between Protestantism and Catholicism left the country deeply divided. It was a good start but finding the balance between radicals on either side of the religious debate was going to be more difficult than mere wordplay. The bishops struggled for decades to impose the prayer book and Injunctions on reluctant parishes. The 1559 Religious Settlement was an honest attempt to bring as many as was possible into the fold - but it could never have satisfied the wishes of those who were at the religious extremes of society. [31], The Act of Uniformity required church attendance on Sundays and holy days and imposed fines for each day absent. Crime and Punishment in Industrial Britain, Advantages of North and South in Civil War, African Americans in the Revolutionary War, Civil War Military Strategies of North and South, Environmental Effects of The Columbian Exchange, Native Americans in the Revolutionary War. What year were the Acts of Uniformity and Supremacy passed? The debate quickly descended into name-calling and two of the Catholics were sent to the Tower for contempt. However, Ronald Hutton argues that certain Catholic elements such as altars were present in some regional churches as late as 1567, demonstrating a reluctance to convert to the new Church. The injunctions ordered the "holy table" to be carried into the chancel during communion services but at all other times to be placed where the altar would have stood. [48] These provisions offended many Protestants, and in practice, the Injunctions were often ignored by church leaders. [108], During the reign of Charles I, the Arminians were ascendant and closely associated with William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury (16331645). As the older generation of recusant priests died out, Roman Catholicism collapsed among the lower classes in the north, west and in Wales. [99] Whitgift's demands produced widespread turmoil, and around 400 ministers were suspended for refusal to subscribe. What were the beliefs in the Elizabethan era? - KnowledgeBurrow [119], Supreme Governor of the Church of England, The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women, History of the Puritans under Queen Elizabeth I, A View of Popish Abuses yet remaining in the English Church, "Music and Reform in France, England, and Scotland", Elizabethan Religious Settlement - World History Encyclopedia, Documents Illustrative of English Church History, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement&oldid=1137970785, This page was last edited on 7 February 2023, at 09:43. Elizabethan Religious Settlement | History | tutor2u [16] The Queen's principal secretary was Sir William Cecil, a moderate Protestant. Without priests, these social classes drifted into the Church of England and Catholicism was forgotten. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. [118] Although Elizabeth I "cannot be credited with a prophetic latitudinarian policy which foresaw the rich diversity of Anglicanism", her preferences made it possible. Some lost faith in the Church of England as an agent of reform, becoming separatists and establishing underground congregations. The articles removed Catholic sacraments: Confirmation, Penance, Holy Orders, Marriage, and Last Rites or Extreme Unction. All members of the Church had to take the oath of supremacy under the Act of Supremacy if they were to keep their posts. [33] The rubric provided instructions for clerical vestments, stating that until the Queen ordered otherwise ministers were to "use such ornaments as were in use by the authority of Parliament in the second year of the reign of King Edward VI". The Elizabethan Settlement was religious legislation that provided a compromise between English Catholics and Protestants. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was a collection of laws and decisions concerning religious practices introduced between 1558-63 CE by Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603 CE). The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Recently saved for the nation, the Armada Portrait commemorates the most famous conflict of Elizabeth I's reign the failed invasion of England by the Spanish Armada in summer 1588. Crucially, the Prayer Book dealt with the bread and wine of the communion service. Last modified June 02, 2020. Elizabeth had to also concede to the radical Protestants and so she introduced a new Book of Common Prayer in 1559 CE which was not quite as radical as Thomas Cranmer's 1552 CE version but more so than the more moderate 1549 CE version. This iconic portrait isnow back on public display in the Queen's House after careful conservation. This was by no means a simple task as, in these early stages, nobody quite knew what Anglicism precisely was except that it was not Catholicism or extreme Protestantism but somewhere in-between. [105], At the start of his reign, Puritans presented the Millenary Petition to the King. [101], In response to Bridges' A Defence of the Government Established in the Church of England for Ecclesiastical Matters, an anonymous Puritan under the pseudonym Martin Marprelate published a series of tracts attacking leading conformist clergy.

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