Center for Community Change. the briefing, and identify yourself. Here are four steps you should take ahead of the effective date: Begin the process of updating the voluntary disability self-ID form as soon as possible for applicants and employees. If you are a federal contractor, you will soon need to update your disability self-ID form and incorporate a new form into your applicant and employee systems and processes. Appraisal 2. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. . <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Likewise, if your idea is succeeding, have some additional ideas for add-ons or offer ways to accelerate the timetable. 0000003474 00000 n You will also have to make sure that the appropriate venue is available, properly set up beforehand,andensure the projector (if you'll need one) works and connects with your laptop. Many things can and do go wrong just before a presentation unless you areorganized. You may or may not need a written script, but you do need to pre-plan what you are going to say, in what orderyouwillsayit, and at what level of detail. Before I can begin with decision briefings, I must give a brief discussion on the Armys problem solving process. Theres no shortage of advice on how to brief a senior leader: keep it short, front-load the message, and so on. The approach by Drs. Know the subject thoroughly. The colleagues who earned this leaders respect were the ones who picked their battles wisely. Theyre masters of compressing the right information into the right amount of time, no matter how complex the topic or short the briefing. Employers want to know you have the necessary skills to research, analyze, and create a presentation, plus the communication skills needed to deliver it and field questions afterward. What are the four types of military briefings? 0000017702 00000 n HlWA$7+]!?a/83Q{|plQ%I'?+Zv_?~OmqyGU0wmy14)mw>,']Odua0=k!sx:_; B{+]eFuwrc}{>dd-7KN. 2. Use visual aids correctly. Its a rare talent to be dogged but deft at the same time, and of course, you dont want to look like a stiff or a robot. . Heres what you need to know about the revisions and four steps you can take to prepare. Army personnel are managed by supervisors arranged in a command structure similar to that of a business hierarchy. a`/@9H30g 3330WB ` . If the conversation gets off track, a question causes the meeting to digress, or someone starts to rant about a pet topic, pre-plan several ways to redirect the conversation and get what you need. PennState. Here are tips to consider to improve your memo: Always consider your audience when writing a memo. What is the formula for calculating solute potential? Isolation. hb```f``*a`e`` ",@Q#?=`n`;xy+]IHk" %rTI++\T38x[8:D,$lVv -v+4i~Z)tzVZ.K7g_AN K3*f|XHg0 @M{ 203 0 obj <>stream The briefing outline is to plan for what? The briefing outline is to plan for what? Giving engaging and easy-to-understand talks is a major component of the strongoral communication skillsthat are ajob requirementfor many positions. Information exchange, announce decisions, issue directives, or provide guidance. Employers want to know you have the necessary skills to research, analyze, and create a presentation, plus the communication skills needed to deliver it and field questions afterward. Similarly, they'll view a more attractive PowerPoint as more effective. <> Often provides a schedule of the key meetings and briefings during the operational period . It . To help each soldier communicate, the Army has developed four types of briefings and the steps needed to prepare and present each briefing. The 4 steps that correspond to the operations process and lay the foundation for an effective briefing. Advance understanding of your bosss body language will help you keep your cool and pivot in the right direction during the briefing. Whether youre a high-level executive or an administrative assistant, developing your presentation skills is one key way to climb in an office-based job. Brief the recommended solution. 0000014017 00000 n LTG Lewis [Chesty] Puller from Peter G. Tsouras, ed., The Greenhill Book of Military Quotations. HBR Learnings online leadership training helps you hone your skills with courses like Presentation Skills. And whom do they look to for endorsement? Speakers who vary the pace, pitch, and volume of their voices are more effective, according to a new research study by Wharton marketing professor, Jonah Berger. ]dbB(QehE The four steps to the briefing process are: Analyze Construct Deliver Follow up First, the person performing the briefing must analyze the situation. The Military Decision Making Process (MDMP) is a decision-making model to assist military members in making sound military decisions and to compile operation orders. Instead of letting your nerves get the best of you, take time to yourself before your presentation. 1. %PDF-1.6 % Executedeliver the briefing. %PDF-1.5 % Here's another one of our top PPT tips: tap into Envato Elements' unlimited stock photo library. endstream You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Clear commanders guidance allows subordinates to make disciplined and informed decisions to best accomplish assigned tasks. %PDF-1.5 In 4 steps, you'll learn how to help high school students learn about DNA structure! Stay laser focused on your task. This factsheet outlines the four sources of evidence considered key to effective evidence-based practice, before highlighting the importance of combining these to ensuring actions have the greatest chance of success. endstream endobj startxref BODY. Magazine: MILITARY BRIEFINGS - UNC Charlotte Army ROTC. Access more than 40 courses trusted by Fortune 500 companies. Incident Briefing Major Elements The incident briefing must cover the following elements: Incident history. The Army will also encounter internal and external factors that could impede or enhance operations. Here are some steps to help you prepare for the conversation: This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Prepare collect information and construct the briefing. hbbd```b``3@$*2fXX)LvEV% R xref When a leader misses just one of these steps is when delegation and accountability becomes difficult and creates avoidable conflict. In a fast-paced work environment, though, meetings often get interrupted or cut short. 0000073841 00000 n 8 Who are the people who attend staff briefings? In some presentations, you may collect information from audience memberssuchas names and contact information or completed surveysthat you also must organize and store. that the date and time. Explain your task (1-2 sentences). Preparation, execution, and follow-up. Accelerate your career with Harvard ManageMentor. In the last six months, I have been exposed to many different levels of issues affecting the United States. Information, decision, mission, and staff. As commander of Task Force Ranger (TFR), MG Garrison demonstrated both successful and failed application of mission command principles. Audiences preferences for information delivery, the purpose of the briefing, time available, and facilities and briefing aids available. <> Dr. J. T. Mitchell explained the concept of CISD and its steps in a 1983 study published in the Journal of Emergency Medical Services, titled "When Disaster Strikes: The Critical Incident Stress Debriefing Process." The following seven steps make up the stress debriefing process, as outlined by Mitchell's fellow scholar Joseph A. Davis, Ph.D.: 2. 0000008101 00000 n cZ }!&+ASP*]!R^! Y:4RbE%A/Z$g_|/>}yoc}$j*RDc6USCPfXBQNOD/WOcDbNSh123Xw7o'[gAUxN=/|C+Q#Fz$d#{Z84:&pob>C)i@._>K% Sara being the last in the line saw what was going on, and said what the hell is going on here? Create a notification flyer that includes the content and follows the format of OSE's Sample Notification. We will continue to monitor any further developments in this area as they occur, so you should ensure you are subscribed toFisher Phillips Insight Systemto gather the most up-to-date information. An uncomfortable presenter is a challenge for everyone. What are the different types of briefings? A decision briefing obtains an answer to a question or a decision on a course of action. Federal contractors will need to comply by July 25 but you dont need to wait until then to implement the new form. The commander, deputies or assistants, chiefs of staff or executive officers, coordinating personnel, and special staff officers often attend staff briefings. No matter how well you prepare, circumstances beyond your control, from an unrelated crisis to the bosss stress level that day, will affect your pitch. Whatever examples you select, make sure they are as closely related to the job you're interviewing for as possible. You must realize. The information briefing requires you to present facts, without offering any conclusions for the audience. Lessons from an Obama White House staffer. Staff briefings are similar to information briefings but less structured. Four Steps to an Effective Briefing Plan Prepare Execute Assess Who to expect at a Staff Briefing? The Army has four types of military briefings for us to choose from to effectively communicate our solutions. The four phases of Emergency Management make up a continuous cycle of planning and action undertaken by the Department of Emergency Management to ensure Upstate Medical University and Hospital maintain a comprehensive approach to Emergency Management, while maximizing the safety of staff, students, visitors and patients. You should be able to assess the needs of the audience and handle difficult questions. Identify and commit to the action. @$#7grdSnNUn*UFHzcYdlq51V/ Txp]j+a;!1,V(2L/ QUd1|W^fwQ#;Ok4s\W5s.+9%$' rSd 56 44 . These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. It is made-up of bases, such as A denine, T hymine, C ytosine, and G uanine. 0000013992 00000 n 0000013577 00000 n 0000014631 00000 n Connect project stakeholders to other resources. Many changes have occurred, moving the Army 's EO program from a strictly educational and training initiative to a multifaceted management program with clear goals and objectives. Get your reps to contribute to your sales process. Try not to deviate or raise unnecessary details to reduce the chance that a briefing will be interrupted before your ask is addressed. How to Hold a Press Conference, from the Western Organization of Resource Councils, is a comprehensive guide to help you prepare for a press conference. You need that person to nod yes. Its a quiet gesture that gives the boss comfort; it shows that your idea is sound and all of the right people have been consulted. [2022]. The briefing paper example below focuses on updating a company's management team on implementation of a new software program. Performing this action will revert the following features to their default settings: Hooray! Read the room, not your notes. Briefing a senior executive is an art and adept White House staffers do it every day under the most stressful of circumstances. Learn something new, build relationships across UW-Madison, and perform your job at a higher . Plan (analyze the situation and prepare a briefing outline) Prepare (collect information and construct the briefing) Execute (Deliver the briefing) Assess (follow up as required) Which type of briefing follows the sequence of an operations order? Four Steps of a Military Briefing Staffs normally follow four steps when preparing an effective briefing: Plananalyze the situation and prepare a briefing outline. Lockout/tagout. 0000003144 00000 n How to Brief the President (or Any Senior Leader). It also helps to be adept at strategic planning, integration, process management, and diagnostics. 0000095991 00000 n See full answer below. Proper education is the key to proper training. Yield productive insights. 3. Presentation skills are what you need to know to be able to give an engaging, effective presentation. Often, not speaking at the wrong time is just as important as saying the right thing at the right time. This briefing note will also propose that a wide range of tax systems should be established. Your physical bearing and poise should convey a degree of comfort and confidence in front of an audience, while active listening, respect, and emotional intelligence will help you in facilitating group discussions. The following tips are based on battle scars from serving twice in the White House and from years of briefing senior corporate, nonprofit, and government leaders, as well as teaching briefing skills in seminars around the country. 1. 158 0 obj <> endobj With these skills, you'll be better able to objectively analyze, evaluate, and act on your findings. endstream endobj 57 0 obj <>>>/Metadata 54 0 R/Names 58 0 R/Outlines 28 0 R/PageLabels 51 0 R/Pages 53 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 58 0 obj <> endobj 59 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Tabs/W/Thumb 45 0 R/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 60 0 obj <> endobj 61 0 obj [/ICCBased 85 0 R] endobj 62 0 obj <> endobj 63 0 obj <> endobj 64 0 obj <> endobj 65 0 obj <>stream Execute deliver the briefing. You just studied 20 terms! You will want to proofread and fine-tune all thematerials you plan to use for the presentation to catch any mistakes. "Steps in Preparing a Presentation. You'll also need to create digital slides, using statistics, examples, and stories to illustrate your points and effectively to persuade the audience. The four-step plan, like any other plan, must allow for flexibility of instruction and application. The various steps in the process, executed in sequence, help ensure a comprehensive IAP. endstream endobj 68 0 obj <>stream <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 12 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 1>> Even if someone else is preparing your slideshow for you, it will help to know how to use the software in case of last-minute changes. By speaking at the wrong moment, you risk derailing the line of thought or annoying your boss. Analyze the situation. Find a relevant social post, article, or news item that you can engage them with. This briefing note will also provide its recommendation as the establishment of a, One of the important ways of communicating is teaching, which is rich in verbal, written, and nonverbal communication. Once you've been tasked to present a briefing, you should begin to prepare immediately by analyzing the situationincluding your intentand your audience's needs and expectations. I will begin with decision briefings. A briefing assignment has four steps: 1. Know your boss's "tells.". Also ask how best to respond to negative signals to try to shift the mood. Maj Ferijah agreed on all aspects of the definition and went on to add that as a soldier it is very important that you are politically sensitive to the current chain of command, and that you must completely understand your audience, especially when your briefing incoming VIPs or local government officials. The decision briefing is aimed at giving a leader information he may need to make a decision. What are the four steps to lay a foundation for an effective briefing? Users view attractive design as more usable. 0000002632 00000 n 12 0 obj Before resigning, plan how you will approach your supervisor to discuss your decision. The Army National Guard and the Air National Guard are reserve components of their services and operate in part under state authority. The OFCCPs regulations still require employers with more than 100 employees to set a utilization goal of 7% of the employees in each job group identifying as an individual with disabilities. 0000009582 00000 n Become a. The paper will identify the steps in the model and describe how critical thinking impacted the decision. Preparation, execution, and follow-up. 0000001905 00000 n The IAP provides clear direction and includes a comprehensive listing of the tactics, resources, and support needed to accomplish the objectives. 0000015811 00000 n Public speaking is one form ofverbal communication, but you will need other forms to give a good presentation. The commander, deputies or assistants, chiefs of staff or executive officers, and coordinating, personal, and special staff officers. There are four (4) basic types: the information brief, the decision brief, the staff brief, and the mission brief. They are as follows: 1. You do not want to be the person whospends half of their presentation time trying to find a cable to connect their laptop to the projector. 7 0 obj Know your bosss tells.If you spend a lot of time with the senior executive, then you should know the nonverbal cues that indicate things like go deeper on that point or speed it up. If not, seek out people who regularly brief and interact with them. Describe the situation (2-3 sentences). z7U)IgsfUe((}_l?wwfN+ N)M$He[#,@Q%e# During our military careers we are faced with many different situations and problems. These goals and objectives are also an integral part of human relations and are nurtured and developed through a professional military education system. Int J Acad Research Business Social Sciences 2018;8(7). hbbd```b`` &Pl`f-"uH];f$w]w=@\:i6XDbz$:30pl;$30}` Some key organizational skills to work on include event planning, auditing, benchmarking, prioritization, and recordkeeping. Through these six steps, practitioners can ensure the quality of evidence is not ignored are able to evaluate the . Although there are elements, which are common to all four, each type of brief is distinct in that it is designed to accomplish a specific purpose. Remember you must provide the form to all applicants at both the pre-offer and post-offer stages and to your current workforce at least every five years and provide a reminder at least once in the interim period when you are not collecting the data. 4. Youll be better placed to communicate the right message under pressure, whether youre briefing the president of the United States, a C-suite executive, or any leader. Explain the purpose and scope. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Assess follow up as required. 78 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<53C5F916F314A2FDE66EA341AB14C0F4><8B0309A9F9E4A8469DCCE0484ACABED1>]/Index[57 55]/Info 56 0 R/Length 112/Prev 865401/Root 58 0 R/Size 112/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream BODY Arrange main ideas in logical sequence. Develop a military briefing using the Seven Steps to Effective Communication. : Enhancing volunteer engagement using effective meetings. Numerous tools for each step of the four-step process will also be suggested. What are the four types of military briefings? Ensure you can talk to candidates about: The company's strategy, mission and structure; The team's projects, direction and goals; The perks and benefits tied to the position you're hiring for During the interview process, you may be asked to give a sample presentation. Six Steps of LOTO Safety & Lockout/Tagout Procedures. an example of a briefing document is a great way to get a better idea of how to apply these tips and follow these steps. Establish the Coaching Agreement. 0000021732 00000 n Revise or update any references to the specific form that might be included in employee manuals, training materials, etc. 0000006566 00000 n a. Follow the 5/5/5 rule. Representatives from other commands may also attend Who Normally gives a Mission Briefing? startxref Preparing handouts or digital references is an added courtesy that will help the audience pay attention because they won't be preoccupied with note-taking. Mission Command is the framework used by the U.S. Army to ensure key leaders receive clear direction from commanders. See the reasons delegation fails in a previous post. stream What are the four steps to lay a foundation for an effective briefing? Develop slides for your briefings that include the following basic slides: A presentation that's finished in half the time allotted is as problematic as one that's too long-winded. 0000001668 00000 n !KEZdu{}$s%a*. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Typical writing skills apply to your presentation just as they do to other forms of writing, including grammar, spelling, vocabulary, and proofreading. |H[5TUcZidm9z /9A#5\4 *U/h/Ua5A;= g]UBaE%Q^-E"%w"'c|y^U#lMGSIj@v=tKUi{qHn/>_.tT6By9N5zUQ'Z/W;Y "6KplXG)rwsP=d;i^ib$h][cS&P|^=bJqx>|&MWW?=r)O ^{^hs>jUtA|\Ae |eF,cin>v21\--@q?C&!sshp4-4Dw8?e~~0 x7& D|7 Nice work! Your prospective employer may want you to deliver briefings and reports to colleagues, conduct training sessions, present information to clients, orperform any number of other tasks that involve speaking before an audience. Execute deliver the briefing. Here's what you need to know about the revisions and four steps you can take to prepare. brieng assignmenthas four steps thatcorrespond to the four activities of theoperations process:Plan: Analyze thesituation and preparea brieng outlinePrepare: Construct the briengExecute:. Resources ordered and needed. 56 0 obj <> endobj It includes 10 steps for a successful press conference as well as other related checklists (e.g., setting up a press conference). In short, think of how you can achieve a limited victory instead of a complete failure, keep an idea alive to fight another day, or, in the best case scenario, go bigger and faster in implementation. 8. Preparing for these questions in advance may take some time, but you'll need to do this only once before the interview phase begins. You will brief both completely different, you must understand what they expect to see and not surprise them with anything. General Martin Dempsey stated that The Profession of Arms requires expert knowledge, and that expertise is manifested as unique skills in the individual professional and by Army units. For the purpose of this paper the operational definition of the term profession is: a type of job that requires special education training, or skill. Match your skills to the job. If your PR agency hasn't . MILITARY BRIEFINGS - UNC Charlotte Army ROTC. Plan forgradationsof success and failure. The Four Military Briefings and Steps The United States Army understands the need for effective communication and proper preparation and presentation. 0000001176 00000 n Isolation verification. Preparation, execution, and follow-up. Practice the art of staying silent. Preparing an Effective Briefing Learning and Development Centre briefing is designed to provide information quickly and effectively about an issue. endobj Effective briefers are capable of bringing a fresh perspective to a topic. 187 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<6212BD450226064494A7ADD5FD12C520><3E1FA7504660064E9DEAA9CCDFB82F11>]/Index[158 46]/Info 157 0 R/Length 130/Prev 154543/Root 159 0 R/Size 204/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream 6 0 obj 0000015124 00000 n Planning. While what you say during a presentation matters, employers also value the ability to create supporting materials, such as slides. J&GdFSuG!IB/Ltj/tjVWY*=e- Mission briefings are information briefings that occur during operations or training. Attorney Advertising. Shutdown. Military Staffs normally follow four steps when preparing an effective briefing. Plan, prepare, execute, and assess. 3 What are the elements of a military brief? }&'w1shvrX_N4bl^+5$,ZA*gy+5\6QX?xO^llhq:o*A/ihy+jb\M~Z)Z2D 31[7g7 @\ art~2B3w9[|YD4Ij_={R@'Z{ In addition to the skills previously mentioned, there are other important skills that can apply to your presentation. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Use military courtesy, address the person(s) receiving the briefing, and identify yourself. Make sure you pause to emphasize key points, modulate your vocal tone for emphasis, and articulate your speech clearly and smoothly. 0000096758 00000 n Learning each military briefing format and the reasons why we use one briefing over the other is the goal of this paper. 0000015378 00000 n 0 The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The situation in today 's Army is clearly much different from what existed years ago. They are: 1. VgSQh>CwDBEZ^e&ZqnJ~$&y3@k JP9. 5 0 obj They went with the yes where they could and judiciously pushed back when it counted most, showing flexibility but also confidence in their views. H\j0~ ", Interview Question: "What Is Your Greatest Strength? 0000029689 00000 n Prepare to answer questions at any time. 0000005064 00000 n Youve floated your idea or posed your question. 0000096238 00000 n 0000029447 00000 n Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. A short and effective briefing is a work of art, but it is seldom achieved. To keep your audience from feeling overwhelmed, you should keep the text on each slide short and to the point. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". endobj Some skills to work on include articulation, engagement, and memorization. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Now up your study game with Learn mode. As such, planning, organizing, leading, and controlling must be used by managers appropriately. What type of briefing presents facts an audience can easily understand? B *tdBE|X91IzdHxxe|k x)E1+uF82 +3@`[2Q'0 % HN\ W@4 BY$XUMfA4m3"7M(&V"Q#)=kv\:bC[& m;B}4GEZ[}{-J@h1 and the role of the briefer. There are seven steps to problem solving. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. display, or tour. endobj 3 0 obj Related: 4 Tips on How To End a Business Memo. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 0000029172 00000 n Analysis of Major General (MG) William Garrisons decision making during the Battle of Mogadishu demonstrates how mission command principles must be applied to gain and maintain a position of advantage during military ground operations. Plan analyze the situation and prepare a briefing outline. trailer Step 1: Preparing for the Resignation Conversation. Print Resources. . <> Furthermore, language barrier will be one future challenge to protect the U.S. national interest as a member of multinational alliance and coalition military force. (Appendix) As Assistant Convoy Commander in Iraq I would instruct the Humvee driver with nonverbal gestures, as needed (due to the noise of the. 2. When I was assigned as the Assistant Convey Commander while deployed in Iraq my duties were comprised of teaching battle drills, rollover drills, vehicle recovery, reaction to Improvised Explosive Device (IED), reaction to small arms fire, and additional weapon maintenance. This may mean crafting the entire text (or at least writing notes) and creating any slides and other supporting audio/visual materials. They are: 1. How do I choose between my boyfriend and my best friend? 5 Tips for Prepping for Your Media Briefing. ", Harvard Division of Continuing Education. Target demographic is tech-savvy, but they have very little patience for poor functionality, bugs, or lag. Summarize key points at the conclusion of the presentation, and be sure to have a plan for how you'll field any audience questions. Summarize your ideas. 0 Step 3: reviewing the text briefing Step 4: communication with the writer or editorial team Step 1: structure and selection of briefing points Text briefings can vary depending on the type of text, the client, and requirements. For example, you will want to demonstrate your oral communication skills by speaking clearly and concisely throughout the presentation. Prepare collect information and construct the briefing. endobj There are four (4) basic types: the information brief, the decision brief, the staff brief, and the mission brief. Theyre important whether the briefings take place in person or virtually. People are more likely to take you seriously if your presentation is visually appealing. Your presentation can fail or succeed before it begins and your odds are worse if you skimp on the personal in favor of the PowerPoint. E7QG1>K-XS-d-".js]5a2 fcWlrsZjNl@V)7`eyv,e yWlA,C]24FgWY9b'I!_Wp&Y/B bn`R[%`(fR*dRVYjrDCrz4| GDTE:`A r? Ask what to look for to know if the boss is annoyed and whether theres any way to determine if its because of something youre saying or if its unrelated. By having an outline and format standardized by the Army, it gives each soldier the ability to create the proper briefing needed to effectively communicate in todays complicated world. There are four types of military briefings: Information. Alison Doyle is one of the nations foremost career experts. (1) Facts of the case (what actually happened, the controversy) (2) Procedural History (what events within the court system led to the present case) (3) Judgment (what the court actually decided) Procedural History is usually minimal and most of the time irrelevant to the ultimate importance of a case; however, this is not always true. In this case, you will want to embody these skills during the presentation.
David Russell Obituary,
How To Get Decrypting The Darkness Destiny 2,
10 Largest National Cemeteries,
How Many Hurricanes Have Hit Destin Florida,
Articles T
the four steps to preparing an effective briefing