jujube tree root system

(4) Year-round fresh fruit supply: integrating the selection of cultivars with different maturation times, half-red harvesting, shelf life preservation, long-distance cold transportation, and long-term storage techniques such as controlled freezing-point storage, as well as protected cultivation, for advancing or delaying ripening and preventing fruit cracking. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 6177, Atkinson D, Johnson MG, Mattam D, Mercer ER (1978) The effect of orchard soil management on the uptake of nitrogen by established apple trees. Recently, some excellent new cultivars for fresh eating, such as Jinsi 4, Yueguang, Zaohongmi, Zaocumi, and Zaoqiuhong, and some for dehydration, such as Yuangling 2, Shuguang, Zanshuo, Yushuai, and Linhuang 1, with larger fruit, higher quality and higher resistance to fruit diseases than traditional cultivars, have become the dominant cultivars. M.L. The 20 litre large container with a blue base, and the 38 L extra large container . Liu, M. Advances in taxonomy study on the genus Ziziphus. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the relationship between root distribution and interspecific interactions between intercropped jujube tree (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) We would like to thank Mr. Robert Heyduck from New Mexico State University for his review of this paper before submission. & Xu, J. The development of the jujube industry and jujube research promoted each other during this period, and support from science and technology to the jujube industry has continuously increased. Li, C. Dormant Characteristic and Temperature Management Investigation Analysis of Zizyphus Jujuba Mill. To date, cultivation technology systems have been established for the leading cultivars in their main growing areas with their own characteristics. Google Scholar. Research is lagging and does not match the demand from industry in some countries. Most species belong to Sect. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Commun.42, 221224 (2006). Agrofor Syst 61:237255, Li FD, Meng P, Fu DL, Wang BP (2008) Light distribution, photosynthetic rate and yield in a Paulownia-wheat intercropping system in China. Storage Process3, 1012 (2002). Agroforest Syst 87, 929939 (2013). Biotechnol.83, 305308 (2008). The book Qi Min Yao Shu of the Northern Wei Dynasty that was written 1500 years ago recorded the techniques of cultivar selection, planting, flower thinning, girdling, and jujube paste processing. These techniques effectively solve the problem of a short supply period for open field cultivation and can increases revenues by 35 times. Springer, Berlin, Book Li, M. et al. J. Hebei Agric. Stnic, F. Twenty years of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) After the beginning of the 21st century, much more attention was paid to intensive processing that highlights the characteristic nutrients of jujube. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. 41, 8285 (2005). Sin.33, 687 (2006). Perdurans; only jujube and sour jujube originating from China and Z. lotus L., native to the Mediterranean, belong to Section Ziziphus due to their deciduous bearing shoots. Tortuosa), f. lageniformis (Nakai) Kitag. In addition, the distinct trait of the bearing shoot falling in winter is related to the ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA) pathways12. Moreover, they cannot be adapted to large-scale, mechanized, and labor-saving operations in the future, nor can they meet the demands for high-quality, safe, and high-end products. Twenty-four million years ago, jujube trees appeared in Northern China10. Roots in each plot were sampled vertically by auger to a depth of 100 cm at 20-cm intervals and horizontally . Super high-density jujube orchard in Xinjiang, China (Photo by Prof. Yanjiang Shi). Zhao, Z. et al. jujube, either of two species of small spiny trees of the genus Ziziphus (family Rhamnaceae) and their fruit. J. Tarim. Wu, Y., Zhang, J. China Fruits6, 5153 (2017). Int.39, 917923 (2006). Zhao, Z. et al. Li, X., Peng, D., Zhang, C. & Dong, X. Nutrient quality analysis of Yellow River jujube. CAB International, Wallingford, p 276, Zamora DS, Jose S, Nair PKR, Ramsey CL (2006) Interspecific competition in a pecan-cotton alleycropping system in the southern United States: production physiology. The biological characteristics of jujube are basically understood1. drew the figure of the different organ morphologies of Chinese jujube. Agrofor Syst 61:221236, Gillespie AR, Jose S, Mengel DB, Hoover WL, Pope PE, Seifert JR, Biehle DJ, Stall T, Benjamin TJ (2000) Defining competition vectors in a temperate alley cropping system in the midwestern USA. Sin.46, 49684976 (2013). Jujube trees are highly adaptable, with outstanding tolerance to drought; low-fertility, saline, and alkali soils; high temperatures and late frosts. Moreover, fundamental, applied, developmental, and broad-scale visual research should be highly integrated. Sci. First, jujubes can satisfactorily meet the various needs of growers. 387 (CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2016). & Zhou, B. Flora of China, Vol. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. The house that backs up to my house never had sprinklers in . It has a very low chilling requirement and is suitable for protected cultivation. A new excellent tetraploid table cultivar of sour jujubeZhuguang. Liu, M., Wang, J., Wang, L. et al. J. Genome sequencing-based multiomics analysis combining transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, and phenotypic data has taken horticultural research to a new level. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China, W. Zhang,P. Ahanbieke,B. J. Wang&L. H. Li, Institute of Soil and Fertilizer and Agricultural Water Conservation, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi, 830091, Xinjiang, China, Agri-Environment Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, BT9 5PX, UK, You can also search for this author in As to the original cultivation center of jujube, outside of China, Iran, and Japan had been regarded as candidates by some scholars outside China. Morphological, cytological and nutritional changes of autotetraploid compared to its diploid counterpart in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). J. Agric. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. J. Wuhan. Consumers like fruits that are delicious and nutritious and that appeal to appearance and status. Dongzao. The latter was further divided into Ser. Construction of a dense genetic linkage map and QTL analysis of trunk diameter in Chinese jujube. Acta Hortic. Root distribution and interactions in jujube tree/wheat agroforestry The Air-Pot var. under a variety of conditions. Exp Agric 16:217228, Ong CK, Black CR, Marshall FM, Corlett JE (1996) Principles of resource capture and utilization of light and water. in subtropical and tropical regions. Autotetraploidization in Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Wang, L., Wang, H. & Wang, C. Effect of O2 and CO2 concentration on respiration, relative electrical conductivity, contents of chlorophyll and skin color of Dongzao jujube fruit. Changing host photosynthetic, carbohydrate and energy metabolisms play important roles in phytoplasma infection. Shu, J. Both the seeds and fruit have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years to improve sleep quality, support the nervous system, and encourage healthy digestion. Sci.36, 13691381 (2019). Thus, the level of jujube production in China has long been at the forefront of fruit tree production in history, and jujube production has made an important contribution to the development of fruit tree science and technology (Fig. Solar greenhouse cultivation techniques for table cultivars of Chinese jujube in Taihang mountain area. . Agrofor Syst 60:167179, Yin R, He Q (1997) The spatial and temporal effects of Paulownia intercropping: the case of northern China. An evolutionary divergence analysis of jujube, pear and Prunus mume found that the 4DTv (fourfold synonymous third-codon transversion) rate of jujube peaked at only 0.50, suggesting that no recent whole-genome duplication had occurred in jujube12. Lingwuchangzao for Protected Cultivation. Google Scholar. To date, a total of ~930 jujube genotypes have been preserved, accounting for at least 90% of the total jujube genotypes in the world. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Qu et al. However, propagation via tissue culture has not been used on a large scale in jujube in China because of the high technical requirements, high cost, and late fruiting of micropropagated plants. Liu, P., Peng, J., Peng, S., Zhou, J. A number of excellent accessions have been identified, including triploid genotypes such as Zanhuangdazao38, Pingguozao39, Jinglinyihaozao, Shanxitedage, Hengshuibianzhizao, Zhenhuluzao40; the mixoploid genotype Dongzao 241; the male-sterile germplasms JMS1 and JMS242; the self-fruitless and self-sterile germplasms Huizao, Jinsixiaozao 39, Yuanlingzao, and Xiangzao43; the tortuous-branch Dongzao44; the seedless germplasm Wuhexiaozao; genotypes that are highly resistant to witches broom disease such as Xingguang45,46; and genotypes that are rich in functional nutrients47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54. Study on cultivated model of high efficiency and cultivated techniques for Ziziphus jujuba Mill.cv Dongzao in Dali. and JavaScript. Chireceanu, C., Iamandei, M., Stnic, F. & Chiriloaie, A. performed reference collection and analysis. Bring to a moderate boil and simmer for 20 minutes, let cool, then boil for another 20 minutes. Research methods should become more synergistic and internationalized. In: Ashton MS, Montagnini F (eds) The silvicultural basis for agroforestry systems. Sci. Zhao, Z., Liu, M. & Tu, P. Characterization of water soluble polysaccharides from organs of Chinese Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. China Fruits1, 14 (2018). Bot.165, 92107 (2019). Liu, M. Technical Manual for Quality Production in Chinese Jujube (China Agriculture Press, 2004). Wang, Y. Wang, H. et al. The fourth-generation technique is to induce polyploidy by treating in vivo calluses induced on branch cuts with colchicine, which could eliminate the severe mixoploidy formation from traditional polyploid breeding and directly produce pure polyploid shoots (Fig. Jujube fruits are eaten fresh, dried, boiled, stewed, and baked and are used to flavour tea. Sin.20, 8691 (1987). var. The tissue culture of jujube began in 1978. Jujube fruits are eaten fresh, dried, boiled, stewed, and baked and are used to flavour tea. The older the jujube the more developed were the jujube roots so that the smaller the SRL of jujube the bigger the RLD and RD of jujube. Qi, J. et al. Jujube is a tree that produces a date-like fruit. Liu, M. & Cheng, J. & Liu, M. Discovery and evaluation of natural mixoploid (2x + 4x) variants in Ziziphus jujuba Mill. The third is The Illustrated Germplasm Resources of Jujube55, in which pictures and research data for 250 cultivars (57 table jujubes, 80 for dehydration, 82 for both dehydration and fresh eating, 17 for processing, and 14 ornamental varieties) were obtained from the National Chinese Jujube Repository (Taigu, Shanxi). Pest Dis.31, 1214 (2012). The raw fruits are high in vitamin C. Most are varieties of the common jujube (Z. jujuba), native to China, where they have been cultivated for more than 4,000 years. The roots of Jujube tree can better stretch in the new pot soil and quickly adapt to the new soil. PubMed Thyrsiflora Cheng et Liu mainly according to the inflorescence type. Q: Are Jujube trees invasive? BMC Genom.20, 568 (2019). Peng, Y. Acta Hortic. Liu, X., Li, H., Liu, Z., Zhao, J. In this case, the maturity period can be advanced by 14 months105,106. Typical symptoms include witches' broom, small leaves, phyllody and dense root suckers. A field study was conducted at Hetian oasis, southern Xinjiang, northwestern China, to investigate root distribution and morphology affected by interspecific interactions between jujube trees (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Spatial distribution of roots in a dense jujube plantation in the Content variation of water soluble polysaccharides during fruit development in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). B, Hortic.XLIII, 203206 (2000). Google Scholar. . In August 2010 (the jujube tree fruit setting period), shovels were used to excavate one trench for each age of stand, measuring 6 m length (three . Hortic.244, 372378 (2019). Liu, M., Zhao, J. Univ. Du, X., Li, D., Wang, Y., Sui, C. & Fan, B. Agrofor Syst 74:163172, Lin QY, Xing LF, Li PY, Ding XT, Duan ZA (2000) Recounting and reviewing on the scientific research literature for intercropping system of jujube and crops in China. Thank you for visiting nature.com. High-efficiency management systems for the main diseases and pests in jujube mentioned above have been established in China3,46,103. The high level of sugar accumulation in jujube fruit is due to the expansion and high-level expression of genes involved in sugar metabolism and transport. Scientific Debates Cluj-Horticulture XX, UAMV Cluj-Napoca, 236238 (1997). Nat. On the other hand, the lignification of bearing shoots changes the deciduous habit of bearing shoots and increases the pruning labor costs. During the past 70 years, jujube research has greatly advanced. Zhang, Z. Optimization of A High-density Genetic Map for Chinese Jujube and QTL Mapping for Several Important Traits. Ecol Eng 29:319328, Imo M, Timmer VR (2002) Growth and nutritional interactions of nutrient-loaded black spruce seedlings with greenhouse natural vegetation under greenhouse conditions. Acta Hortic. Sci.32, 12531257 (2015). Agrofor Syst 48:6177, Jose S, Gillespie AR, Pallardy SG (2004) Interspecific interactions in temperate agroforestry. Sci. Flora of China (Science Press, 2007). At present, there are two opposing viewpoints about the respiratory type of jujube fruit, i.e., climacteric or nonclimacteric, even for the same cultivar (Dongzao)116,117,118. & Cheng, H. Cultivation technique for direct seeding and orchard constructing of arid area jujube. The key techniques included peeling off the seed coat, culturing young embryos together with their endosperm and reverse inoculating young embryos with the chalazal end pointed down on the medium. Agric. Mech.34, 2630 (2013). Comparative analysis of the complete chloroplast genome of four known Ziziphus species. Like many other deciduous fruit trees, jujubes are often propagated by grafting two genotypes or cultivars together. var. In 4th International Jujube Symposium, XXX International Horticultural Congress, Istanbul, Turkey (International Horticultural Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, 2018) (in press). Agrofor Syst 50:116, Friday JB, Fownes JH (2002) Competition for light between hedgerows and maize in an alley cropping system in Hawaii, USA. Agric. The contents of sugar, vitamin C, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) are around 2, 100, and 1000 times those of apple, respectively. 3). For Ecol Manag 83:171180, Dhima KV, Lithourgidis AS, Vasilakoglou LB, Dordsas CA (2007) Competition indices of common vetch and cereal intercrops in two seeding ratios. PDF Competitive interaction in jujube tree/cotton agroforestry system in Genome-wide screening of SSR markers and reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis. Acta Hortic. More than 90% of jujube production is concentrated in six provinces, namely, Xinjiang, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Henan. Process.2, 5255 (2010). Zhang, B., Chen, J. The root distribution reacts primarily to the availability of water and nutrients. ) in a Paulownia and wheat intercropping system. Structures and immunological activities of two pectic polysaccharides from the fruits of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. J. Jujube hardwood cuttings are quite difficult to propagate, presenting a rooting rate of usually <30%, and have rarely been used in commercial production. A postharvest physiological study revealed the main factors influencing fruit preservation in jujube115. Hao, Z., Dai, L., Wang, J., Wu, X. Jujube fruit can become a part of international markets and a future popular superfruit. More farmers in China now graft or bud onto seedling rootstocks. cv. Sci. Compd.43, 374376 (2007). Even though agronomists have considered the spatial root distribution of plants to be important for interspecific interactions in agricultural intercropping, few experimental studies have quantified patterns of root distribution and their impacts on interspecific interactions in agroforestry systems. The density of SSRs in the jujube genome reaches 378 SSRs per Mb, which is approximately two times the density in peach and apple12. I planted a Contorted Jujube tree in the upper tier of a dry stacked natural stone raised bed about 2 weeks ago. Agrofor Syst 11:243258, Rao MR, Sharma MM, Ong CK (1991) A tree-crop interface design and its use for evaluating the potential of hedge row intercropping. These dominant cultivars have replaced the traditional cultivars, which has greatly improved the cultivar structure in China. Test Guideline for Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability Chinese Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Sci. The evapotranspiration of jujube root zone was calcu lated by water . It ferments readily and lose firmness when it is tightly sealed in conventional plastic bags under cold storage. Evaluation of five natural variants materials from ziziphus jujuba Mill. & Liu, M. Genetic diversity and structure of 255 cultivars of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. In the book Qi Min Yao Shu, published 1500 YA, it is clearly recorded that ancient Chinese people used to select the trees with the best tasting fruits of wild sour jujube (Z acidojujuba Cheng et LiuZ. Chen et al. Gao, Y., Zhao, Z. Sun, H. & Tian, Y. We summarized historical research achievements from the past 3000 years and reviewed recent research advances since 1949 in seven fields, including genome sequencing and application, germplasm resources and systematic taxonomy, breeding and genetics, cultivation theory and techniques, pest control, postharvest physiology and techniques, and nutrition and processing. Hybridization using a new male-sterile germplasm as the female parent in Chinese jujube. There are two parts necessary for grafting: the rootstock, used for the root system; and the scion, the chosen cultivar or variety. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-020-00346-5, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-020-00346-5. of 0-100 cm jujube trees. Fruit. Studies have also proven that sugar transport plays a significant role in sugar accumulation15,28 and jujube fruits have characteristics of nonclimacteric fruits15,29. Rev.32, 229298 (2006). & Liu, M. Expression profiles of genes and enzymes related to ascorbic acid metabolism in fruits of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Based on the nationwide germplasm investigation, the National Chinese Jujube Repository was constructed in Taigu, Shanxi Province, by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the Peoples Republic of China. The oldest collection of poems in China, called The Book of Songs, contains the sentence Jujube fruit picked in August and rice harvested in October, indicating that jujube was domestically cultivated as early ago as 3000 years ago. Omissions? This paper will systematically summarize its special characteristics and comparative advantages, historical and recent research advances, and future research prospects to guide researchers and professionals working on jujubes. There are many traditional processed jujube products, such as candied jujube, smoked jujube, stoneless sugared jujube, jujube liquor, liquor-saturated jujube, jujube jam, jujube paste, and so on103,148,149. The rooting rate can reach as high as 95%96, but its cost and technical requirements are relatively higher than those of other propagation techniques. Consequently, the pure polyploid creation and evaluation period can be shortened by 35 years. (2) The modern and highly efficient breeding system is still not fully established, and it is difficult to meet the demands of accelerated cultivar development. Chen, Y. L. & Schirarend, C. Rhamnaceae. This result was later confirmed by SSR and cpSSR analysis61,62. The rate of obtaining hybrids in jujube is usually <0.01% by the traditional crossing approach. should not be planted in the shade of other trees Soils: Jujubes tolerate many types of soils, but prefer a sandy, well-drained soils and do less well in heavy, poorly drained soil. All authors added information and revised the paper. Materials and methods. Jinsi 4 on its fruit cracking and nutritional quality in the South. Wow, I recently learned a lot about the jujube root system --- very invasive roots with suckers looking for water that can extend 30' from the tree. Soc. Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 2379), better known as Pliny the Elder, mentioned in his Historia Naturalis that a counselor of the Roman Emperor Octavian Augustus introduced the Chinese date (jujube) for the first time from Syria to Italy; from there it was distributed to other Mediterranean countries and around the Black Sea basin13,14. Bi, J., Yu, J., Bai, S., Wang, P. & Ding, Y. jujuba accessions using microsatellite markers. Neolithic charred fruits and pits of jujube unearthed in Peiligang, Mixian County, Henan Province, China, indicate that Chinese people had begun to pick and use jujubes and domesticate jujube trees at least 7240 years ago. How to Grow Jujube Trees (Chinese Date) Pruning Flowering and Fruiting during cool-storage. Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Fruit. Until now, a total of 25 triploid, tetraploid, and octoploid strains have been created, among which three excellent tetraploid strains have been released as new cultivars by the Hebei Forestry Cultivar Examination and Approval Committee75,76,77. Jujube never needs flower-promoting treatments. Yan, G. Cytological Studies on Chinese Jujube (Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 1984). Technol.37, 916 (2017). Sin.26, 302308 (1999). Plant Cell Tiss. Can J Bot 84:16861694, Zamora DS, Jose S, Nair PKR (2007) Morphological plasticity of cotton roots in response to interspecific competition with pecan in an alley cropping system in the southern United States. The central and local governments encouraged jujube growing via legislation to increase farmer incomes and improve the environment. These authors contributed equally: Mengjun Liu, Jiurui Wang, Lili Wang, Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China, Mengjun Liu,Lili Wang,Ping Liu,Zhihui Zhao,Zhiguo Liu,Li Dai&Xuan Zhao, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China, College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China, College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Sustainable Agriculture Science Center at Alcalde, New Mexico State University, 371 County Road 40, Alcalde, NM, 87511, USA, Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 011464, Bucharest, Romania, College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China, National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Mountainous Areas, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing, 100000, China, Propaganda Department, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China, You can also search for this author in

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