Made in America Research & Design: Gary Ballard, San Diego blogger. From left, they are North Axe, Three Bulls, Crowfoot, Red Crow and One Spot. Two Strike/Tashunkekokipapi 113Careless, Toronto, 201, gives the population of Toronto as 86,415 in 1881, and 181,206, in 1891. man. Barefoot taught at the Mohawk Institute in the 1870s, and once served as the acting principal. 85 Canadas Residential Schools; The History, Part 1. 1 M.C. who was also known as Chief or Emperor Powhatan, presided Another incredible disappointment followed. In Ottawa he had wanted the federal government to commit to the fulfillment of its treaty promises. She became known around the world after Keokuk Here is a partial list of the suggestions that flooded in on Facebook and Twitter. 10 DArcy Jenish, Indian Fall. In parting Lady Macdonald gave a photo of her husband to Crowfoot. In light of McDougalls repeated protests against the Indian Act and the newly instituted pass system to restrict First Nations travel off the reserve, the government declined to fund the Methodist contingent. The roach headdresses, also known as porcupine roaches, were the most commonly used among the Native American headdresses. How much did the visitors eat? 4) Pocahontas well that he ended up in the Guinness Book of World Black Kettle, Cheyenne, Sharp Nose, Arapaho She helped preserve records of the Sioux people and dialects through translation, oral histories, studies, and writing. According to Dempsey in The CPR West, the prairie people had a name fire wagon for the huge objects that moved like wagons and breathed fire as they went. She writes in her 2010 Ph.D. thesis: If they still spoke their native language on entering the school, many of them lost it. A Cherokee-Cowboy, Will Rogers was a popular Native Her 50-plus films continue to address the challenges faced by First Nations people; one of her best-known documentaries, Richard Cardinal: Cry from a Diary of a Mtis Child (1986), tackles a teenagers suicide. Elijah Harper 2. The Indian Department had placed low and unprincipled characters146 over them, the article stated. The following is a partial list of First Nations peoples of Canada, organized by linguistic-cultural area. Two years later he won the title Professional Champion of the World in another . They depended on military discipline and student labour.75. leader rather than a mere follower. accompanying Meriwether Lewis and William Clark in their Webster upon his visit to the Mohawk Institute, Brantford, and the Grand River Reserve Canada, October 1908 (London: Spottiswoode & Co., October 1908), 13. List of First Nations peoples - Wikipedia Hiawatha 8. Black Man, Arapaho Thanks to his sheer skill and bravery displayed in battle, Sitting Bull became one of the most famous Native American leaders of his time. Aritana Yawalapiti was an influential chief and revered leader of the Yawalapiti tribe inside Brazil's Xingu Indigenous Park, a 6.5 million-acre park established in 1961 to protect the tribes in the area. The old buffalo hunters moved carefully amongst carts, horse-drawn carriages, pedestrians, street vendors, and beggars. Throughout his life, Crazy Horse To this day, she is rightly credited with creating ties between the Chipewyan people and the Cree (and the Hudsons Bay Company), as well as expanding the fur trade in Churchill, Manitoba. 131 McDougall, In the Days of the Red River Rebellion, 94. Native American name of Cha-O-Ha, meaning In the 10 Greatest Native American Chiefs And Leaders John McDougall, and Rev. Sadly, Aritanaone of the last speakers of the Yawalapiti languagewas among more than 170 indigenous leaders in Brazil who have died of COVID-19 since the pandemic began. There are no known photographs of Crazy Horse, he would not permit anyone to take his picture, presumably, Crazy Horse believed a photograph stole or unnaturally held the soul of the person(s) pictured. The Indian Chiefs Visit the Premier and Lady MacdonaldCrowfoots Speech, Montreal Daily Herald, 11 October 1886. For the Plains First Nations population in the early 1890s see, James Daschuk, Clearing the Plains. Cultural loss was a serious issue. The battle prevented General Crook from teaming up with From fur to wheat: How immigration changed the Canadian Prairie landscape, Refused entry: Canadas early days of xenophobia. 2 T.D. This resulted in the formation of the Provisional Government of Saskatchewan, with Riel as president and Dumont the adjutant general of the Metis people. Sequoya (Cherokee) Instead of window glass they stretched thin wet animal hide over a window frame. He was regarded as a visionary and staunch warrior. The three Methodist chiefs saw a great deal in Central Canada, from well-established farms with fenced fields and cattle in the countryside, to scenes of life in the large cities. 61 Scottish mixed-blood interpreter Peter Hourie from St. Andrews, Manitoba, a department employee, assisted Macdonald on the trip east.62. Known as Obwandiyag in Ottawa, Chief Pontiac defended the Chief Roman Nose, Cheyenne CAVE ART FAMOUS INDIAN CHIEFS LEADERS WARRIORS QUOTATIONS SPEECHES. The Top 10 list of Canada's greatest heroes did not include any women and only one person of colour. Crook, with the support of 300 Crow and Shoshone warriors. John McDougall, dated Morley, Alberta, 27 November 1886, Calgary Tribune, 3 December 1886. Powder River Country in Southern Montana and Northern 133 Samson translated by John McDougall, The Poor Cree, London Daily Free Press, 6 September 1886. After a short visit to Montreal the Saskatchewan group departed for the West. Little Wolf (Cheyenne) The Indian Act gave the department unwarranted autocratic power. One of Mistawasis daughters married James Dreaver from the Orkney Islands. He succeeded early in the 19th century to the chieftainship of the strong Stustas kinship group which centered in the town of Kioosta on the coast of Graham id. Kim Wheeler is an Anishinabe/Mohawk. thesis, University of Calgary, 1993), 54. The monument and statue honouring Chief Joseph Brant at Brantford, Ontario. Don Smith is professor emeritus of History at the University of Calgary. 151 John McDougall, A Midsummer Trip Among Our Missions in the North, The Missionary Outlook, March 1894, 36. 130 Donald B. Smith, Mississauga Portraits. This case was not resolved until after his death. Joseph (Nez Perce) Amongst the Plains First Nations the agent had enormous power as he had the authority to refuse ration and to deny passes allowing people to leave the reserve. As a leader of the Womens Federation of Anta, she openly criticized the modern effects of colonialism in Peru and encouraged the preservation of the ancient cultures of the Andes. He had taken up farming and cattle-raising.57, The Saskatchewan First Nations kept to their custom of sleeping on the floor. The catalogue numbers for the images in the Glenbow Museum Archives in Calgary are; Crowfoot, Lacombe and Three Bulls, NA16541; Crowfoot, NA1821 and NA1822. assassinated by a member of the Peoria tribe in Illinois. Pontiac (Ottawa) Potalesharo Zepeda even developed a grammar textbook in the language after finding out there were no materials for teaching it in schools. Quanah Parker (Comanche) My thanks to Hugh Dempsey for showing me his photocopies of all of Hams Daily Mail articles on the North West in early 1886, from 5 January to 6 March. Nor were the Methodist visitors invited to Earnscliffe. They did not, for example, open up the hotels soft and clean white sheets. killed at the Standing Rock Indian Reservation by the The following five are just some of the thousands of Indigenous Canadians who have made an indelible mark in the countrys history. document.write("" ); document.write(" This page last updated " + document.lastModified). Cheyennes in the Great Sioux War. Big Bear, they both knew, wanted to use peaceful means to obtain improvements in the life of the Plains Indians. F. Laurie Barron, The Indian Pass System in the Canadian West, 18821935, Prairie Forum, 13,1 (Spring 1988), 2542. George Ham, Among the Bloods. Chiricahua Apache to fight against the encroachment of the His work has been displayed at major art museums nationally and internationally, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the National Gallery of Canada. WebChiefs from all over traveled to this council, including Chief Buffalo, a La Pointe leader who converted to Christianity. 8618, file 1/11522, Library and Archives Canada. 1) Hiawatha literally means one who yawns in Chiricahua, fought for Already local settlers had called for the surrender of portions of the QuAppelle Valley reserves. Frank Fools Crow The Whitefish and Goodfish Cree tended crops and raised animals. The Cree chief had left in early August with great optimism. Let us know who is on your #IndigenousTopTenin the comments section below or onFacebook and Twitter. 97 John McLean [Maclean], The Indians of Canada Their Manners and Their Customs (Toronto: William Briggs, 1889), 79. Who are your heroes? WebLarry Phillip (Phil) Fontaine, OC, OM, National Chief of AFN, activist, advisor on Indigenous relations (born 20 September 1944 in Sagkeeng First Nation on the Fort Alexander Englishman named John Rolfe. (Santee Sioux) The Story of the Blackfoot People (Toronto: Key Porter Books, 2001), 69. Le Rev. 1092, 453, microfilm reel C7219, Library and Archives Canada. The History, Part 1. Crazy Horse/Tashunkewitko The Blackfoot Confederacy members travelled with two interpreters. WebCrowfoot was a chief of the Siksika First Nation. These people traditionally eat fish, primarily salmon and eulachon from the ocean, as well as fish from lakes and rivers, and roots and berries. whom she has a son named Jean Baptiste. His record was for simultaneously throwing three Showing tenacity and strong will, Thanadelthur found the Chipewyan and convinced them to meet with the Cree to negotiate a truce. Rosemarie Kuptana (Inuit) A tireless leader of human rights, Kuptana served as the Inuit Broadcasting Corporation president from 1983-1988 where she was instrumental in developing it to express and reflect Inuit culture and society. Origins to 1939. Chief John McLean [Maclean] M.A., Blood Reserve Alberta Canada, The Blackfoot Indian Confederacy (Ph.D. thesis, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, Illinois, 1888), page 139, Record Group 133/2: Non-Resident Theses. Red Cloud (Lakota) 10, vol. It was away the longest. Nevertheless they still detested the institution.77 The discipline was very strict. Pied de Corbeau, Le Canadien (Montral), 5 octobre 1886. The huge crowds exceeded anything they had ever experienced. 11 Indigenous Leaders You Should Know | Mental Floss The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, vol. Corps of Discovery of the western part of the United the corrupt chief and band council (Part Dan George He died in Iowa, but his legend remains alive to this day. A Toronto Globe story on September 2 reported that Chief Pakan, one of the Methodist loyal chiefs from Alberta, who weighed 180 pounds when he first reached Toronto now weighs 205 a clear gain of twenty-five pounds in one month.29, An estimated 7,000 people came out to see Crowfoot and Three Bulls at the St. Peters Cathedral bazaar.30 The press and the public lionized Crowfoot. American 114 Samson quoted (translated by John McDougall) in Three Western Indians, Toronto Globe, 8 August 1886. The limpid bay of half a century ago has been converted into what is little better than a cesspool.116 On hot days everyone in the city could smell Torontos sewer-like harbour.117. Once he finished elementary school, the determined young man immediately entered high school, where he studied from 1878 to 1881.80, Another former student, Peter Martin (Oronhyatekha) who went on to become a medical doctor escaped at least three times in the four years he attended the Mohawk Institute in the early 1850s. Tom Longboat 5. which was entitled The Song of Hiawatha. 105 Cyril Greenland and John D. Griffin, The Honorable Mary Macdonald: a lesson in attitude, Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. Kateri died of tuberculosis shortly before her 24th birthday. Urquhart and K.A.H. John Hines, Asissipi Journal, June 2November 15, 1886, postscript dated 20 November 1886, cited in Christensen, Ahtahkakoop, 581. chief. 5) Crazy Horse Native American leaders, Native John McDougall independently organized a third group of three loyal chiefs, two Cree and one Stoney Nakoda from Alberta. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, Frederick Webb Hodge, 1906. A meeting with the famous anthropologist Franz Boas while she attended Columbia University resulted in a 15-year collaboration studying Native American linguistics. The First Nations tour led by Methodist missionary John McDougall had left first, in early August. It discouraged Native self-help, and self-sufficiency, as well as self-respect. Sources: Tecumseh, James H. Marsh, The Canadian Encyclopedia; Canadahistory.com; St. Kateri, John Rasmussen, The Canadian Encyclopedia; Saint Kateri Tekakwitha, The Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops; Peguis, Memorable Manitobans; Peguis, Hugh A. Dempsey, The Canadian Encyclopedia; Thanadelthur, Heather Conn, The Canadian Encyclopedia; Manitoba history: Visioning Thanadelthur: Shaping a Canadian icon, Patricia A. McCormack; Gabriel Dumont, University of Saskatchewan Library; and Gabriel Dumont, The Canadian Encyclopedia. Rev. Cut Nose, Arapaho, Named Slon-he, which literally translates to slow, Sitting White Buckley, eds, Historical Statistics of Canada (Toronto: The Macmillan Company of Canada, 1965), p. 14. John Maclean commented in his 1889 book, The Indians Their Manners and Customs, We wish to make them white men, but the Indians themselves desire them to become better Indians.153. Colonel Custer, which led to Custer's defeat at the Battle ['Left-hand'] Fred Loft, known in Mohawk as Onondeyoh, meaning Beautiful Mountain, who later in 1918 became the founder of the League of Indians of Canada, the first pan-Indian organization in the country, intensely disliked the school. 30 Crowfoot at the Bazaar, Montreal Daily Star, 30 September 1886. Steinhauer was McDougalls brother-in-law the late Abigail Steinhauer was his sister. Dumonts army fell after a four-day battle near Batoche (Saskatchewan). As there is no h or l in Blackfoot,18 ota is how they pronounced hotel. With interpreter Lacombe, Crowfoot and Three Bulls visited many churches and public buildings, the dockyards, and a number of city businesses, one of which was the headquarters of the Canadian Pacific Railway. ghwelker@gmx.com. Robert sang the hymn, Tell it Again, before the prime minister, with Chief Pakan joining in by singing it in Cree.145 Although Macdonald did not realize it, he had before him, in Robert Steinhauer, one of his most articulate First Nations critics. The robust Starblanket, in contrast, came back to his community in good health and spirits.147 Red Crow, One Spot, and North Axe had a celebration when their tour neared its end. Disney's portrayal of her life. 91 The mortality rate of the student body was high, but Shot Close managed to escape ill health. A lily among thorns or a victim of colonialism? First Nations Leaders Osceola (Seminole) He died about 1885. Make a donation to Canadas History Society. He appeared in 71 As social welfare historian Hugh Shewell has written, welfare relief in North America was not a readily accepted function of the state in the middle-to-late-nineteenth century.48 Macdonald saw no need for any additional compensation, apart from a gift of twenty five dollars to each of the chiefs. The Macdonalds were devoted to Mary, who was a victim of hydrocephalus, a debilitating disease, leading to a great enlargement of the head. Image Gallery, American Horse (Sioux) Obomsawin has performed and exhibited her work in major museums [PDF] and festival in North America and Europe, and received the Governor Generals Performing Arts Award in 2008. Ella Cara Deloria, one of the first bilingual, bicultural anthropologists, was born on the Yankton Indian Reservation in South Dakota in 1889. one (Montreal and Kingston: Published for the Truth and Reconciliation Commission by McGill-Queens University Press, 2015). 37 Kenneth Munro, John Jones Ross, Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 18471897. 84 Sally M. Weaver, The Iroquois: The Grand River Reserve in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries, 18751945, in Aboriginal Ontario. This became the Council of St. Laurent, a local government led by Dumont. See: Series A214. Black 137 Rev. Speeding locomotives, belching sparks as they thundered past, had caused prairie fires on the Blackfoot reserve. 63 Sally M. Weaver, The Iroquois: The Grand River Reserve in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries, 18751945, in Aboriginal Ontario: Historical Perspectives on the First Nations (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1994), 223. 98 Sally M. Weaver, The Iroquois: The Grand River Reserve in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries, 18751945, in Aboriginal Ontario. Chief Dan George 7. 106 Norman Reddaway, Earnscliffe. Produced by Ernie Salgado, Soboba tribal member. He knew how to ride horses so 7: 18361850 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988), 466. Washakie (Shoshoni) Loyal Indian Chiefs, The Daily Review (Peterborough, Ontario), 24 September 1886. PROFILES served as the Inuit Broadcasting Corporation president from 1983-1988 where she was instrumental in developing it to express and reflect Inuit culture and society. Toronto Normal School. Poundmaker died of a lung haemorrhage, while celebrating the Sun Dance with Crowfoot.47, In conversation with the prime minister, Crowfoot complained of the disappearance of the buffalo and the encroachments of the white race. The Ottawa Free Press reported Macdonalds reply: If they were all peaceable he would see that they were well cared for., It was a brutal age. He carried messages with great bravery and success during the whole of the actions at Ypres, Festubert and Indian Chiefs, Native He remains focused on advocating for the preservation of land and natural resources.His first name means water in Quechua. By using sign language the Peigan chief gave instructions to the Indian agent to send his son and brother to the Mohawk Institute to be educated.88 Red Crow returned convinced that education could help solve his communitys problems. The Haida chief best known to the whites. While he had embraced Christian ways he had not lost connections with his traditional religious outlook, including a belief in the efficacy of bear-worship. Starblanket and his wife when ill one winter had promised the bears they would give a feast to them if they recovered. Little Joseph (Nez Perce) Top 10 indigenous heroes includes Elijah Harper, Alanis Obomsawin American The Globe on October 19 recorded Louis OSoups reaction to the Six Nations community: Here the red men were equal to the white men, and more than that, he was thankful that his children would soon learn to read and write like the white men.94 Red Crow as well left the Six Nations Territory in good spirits. Longboat'scoaches and the press didnt approve of his training regime and called him lazy when he incorporated hard, easy and recovery days something that is now the norm. 79 Fred Loft quoted in Canadas Residential Schools; The History, Part 1. spiritual guide. 136 Rev. 146 R.B. 140 Three Western Indians, Toronto Globe, 11 August 1886. Origins to 1939. McDougalls antagonism toward the Department of Indian Affairs was well known. 119 Personal communication, Ian Getty, recently retired (2016) Research Director for the Stoney Tribal Administrator, 21 March 2017. Wheeler currently works as an associate producer for the CBC Aboriginal Digital Unit and Unreserved on CBC Radio One. The Methodist delegation, from left: Chiefs Jonas Goodstoney, Samson, and Pakan. 71, page 64. John McDougall, Morley 27 November 1886 Calgary Tribune, 3 December 1886. translate this entire site, please click here: Famous In 1715, Hudsons Bay Company Governor James Knight wanted to establish trade with the Chipewyan and expand the business northward to Churchill. Today it serves as a home to 16 groups and about 7500 Indigenous people. But the federal government picked the rations of beef and flour more with an eye on economy and ease of transport, than on maintenance of health. Wolf Robe, Cheyenne Jubilee Celebration. Both men had daughters married to Hudsons Bay Company men53 and both had accepted Treaty Six in 1876, as they believed change, while neither sought nor desired, was inevitable. A prominent Native American leader, Geronimo led the In the 1880s the population of the Treaty Seven area continued to decline.44 From 1884 to 1886 Crowfoot lost several of his children to tuberculosis.45. a Genius Grant) in 1999 for her work to preserve American Indian languages. As Jessies father, the Hamilton merchant John Osborne, was non-Indigenous, she would not have been legally recognized as a Mohawk. Population of Canada, by province, census dates, l851 to l961. 145 Missionary Meeting, Toronto Mail, 8 September 1886. Home of Canadas first Prime Minister and since 1930 Residences of High Commissioners for the United Kingdom in Canada (London: Commonwealth Relations Office, 1955), 21. HEALTH & MEDICAL The Interior Department oversees half a billion acres of public lands; within the agency, the Bureau of Indian Affairs holds over 55 million acres in trust for Native use and serves 574 federally recognized Native American tribes. Prairie Indian Reserve Farmers and Government Policy (Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press, 1990), 120. Origins to 1939. By the late spring of 1886 the Blackfoot chief had only one baby daughter at home, two daughters who were married, and a grown son who was going blind.46 In addition, in early July 1886, he lost his beloved son Poundmaker. At home very few had chairs or used bedsteads.58 In contrast, Red Crow had owned a regular bed for sometime and knew the comfort of a mattress.59 Apparently the Alberta chiefs slept on the mattresses in their hotel rooms, but held partially to the old ways. Starblanket arrived back at his reserve in mid-November.108 By late 1886 both Starblanket and Big Child knew the relationship of mutual help and the sharing of the country were not to be. If we go along the street men and women stop to stare at us, and your children gather around and look into our faces and make remarks and laugh. Tecumseh allied himself with the British troops to turn back the American tide. WebEdenshaw (or Edensaw, from a Tlingit word referring to the glacier) . 14: 19111920 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998), 573577. STATISTICS for 2008-May 2016 (CALIE.ORG website only): Little Raven (Hsa, 'Young 5 Emma LaRocque, When the Other is Me. 127 Departmental and Other Notes, Ottawa Citizen, 30 September 1886. California Indian Education's tribal resource is being compiled to introduce young Native American Indian students to a few of their nations' most famous Indian chiefs of North America, brave tribal leaders and warriors who have left their mark on the recorded history of our great lands please do your own research to learn more in-depth facts, tribal biographies and their most noteworthy quotes about these famous Native American Indians. Louis Riel 4. 15 Alan Artibise, Winnipeg. He attended Huron College in London, Ontario and was ordained in the Church of England. Cheyenne, Dull Knife, Cheyenne VETERAN COMMUNITY The Mail Correspondent had a Long Talk with Red Crow, Toronto Daily Mail, 28 January 1886. Chief Buffalo was the founder of the Red Cliff reservation, an In their own country he noted, They eat and sleep when they feel disposed.26. Despite being a prominent figure, many historians are most popular female Native American. As a friend of the First Nations, Macdonald opposed any reduction to the QuAppelle peoples land base. It must have been considerable. the War of 1812. It only includes First Nations people, which by definition excludes Metis and Canadian Inuit groups. Yet even when their discomfort turned to slurs and condescension,Tom Longboat's dignity remained intact. Google Translate and Bing are third party providers. As Samson told a reporter in London, Ontario, their curious gazes were annoying; We like to see the great streets of your cities, and your factories, but what makes us hurry back to our hotel rooms is the way you people look at us. Chief Dan George 7. ROY COOK NEWS BLOG 123 Very useful is Melvin Steinhauers volume, Shawahnekizhek. By the time they got to Lethbridge, the last white mans town on their itinerary, their impassive faade, the public reserve shown to the Central Canadians, vanished. Native American against the US military. As Edgar Dewdney, the Indian Commissioner in the North-West Territories, reported back to Macdonald from Blackfoot country in January 1880: Young men who were known to be stout and hearty fellows some months ago were quite emaciated and so weak they could hardly work; the old people and widows, who, with their children live on the charity of the younger, and more prosperous, had nothing.43. Native American Chiefs in 1865. This Great Native American Chiefs online exhibit was put together as part of a University of Michigan Library diversity goal. The exhibit creators both have a strong interest in Native American history and culture. Charles Alexander At the end of his first year, Loft lived in Caledonia, supporting himself by working for his board and lodging. Roman Nose (Cheyenne) Historical Perspectives on the First Nations (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1994), 225. plane crash in Barrow, Alaska. Only ten years earlier warriors in the buffalo days consumed huge amounts of meat in a single sitting. Others have also reported. Pakan recalled her work in Regina in mid-October 1886; She came to teach school on our reserve. Each time he received a whipping and was made to promise not to do it again.81, Yet, at the same time, if one accepts superintendent Robert Ashtons testimony in 1886 about the Mohawk Institutes first fifty years, there was evidence of some academic success: Of the past graduates of this Institution, there are at present actively engaged in their professions: two clergymen, two physicians, one civil engineer and Dominion land surveyor, two civil service clerks, seventeen school teachers, and many others have qualified as teachers but are engaged in other callings. Three Loyal Chiefs, Belleville Intelligencer, 2 September 1886. Don't write about 'Aboriginal leaders' Alanis Obomsawin 3. Little Turtle (Miami) Geronimo (aka Goyathlay) Chief: Geronimo ( Bedonkohe Apache Leader: aka Goyathlay) Born: June 16, 1829 near Turkey Creek He delighted the people with his singing and speaking.. 48 Hugh Shewell, Enough to Keep Them Alive. Indian Welfare in Canada, 18731965 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004), 30. 1. It was away the longest. Foreseeing the decline of buffalo in the prairies, he implemented a long-term political program to sustain the economic and political independence of Saskatchewan Mtis. Indigenous people, likely Cree, sell bison horns as coat racks to train passengers at Medicine Hat, Alberta. 2) Black Hawk 124 James Ernest Nix, Mission among the Buffalo. (J. R. S.), Villages of the Untied States | Indian Villages, Indian Tribes North of Mexico | Indian Bands, Gens, & Clans.
famous first nations chiefs