Population-based case-control study, Maternal food consumption during pregnancy and asthma, respiratory and atopic symptoms in 5-year-old children, Diet and asthma in Dutch school children (ISAAC-2), Dietary antioxidants and asthma in adults, Apple juice concentrate prevents oxidative damage and impaired maze performance in aged mice, Apple juice prevents oxidative stress and impaired cognitive performance caused by genetic and dietary deficiencies in mice, Dietary supplementation with apple juice concentrate alleviates the compensatory increase in glutathione synthase transcription and activity that accompanies dietary- and genetically-induced oxidative stress, Apple juice concentrate maintains acetylcholine levels following dietary compromise, Supplementation with apple juice attenutates presenilin-1 overexpression during dietary and genetically-induced oxidative stress, Dietary supplementation with apple juice decreases endogenous amyloid-beta levels in murine brain, Folate deprivation increases presenilin expression, gamma-secretase activity and A-beta levels in murine brain: potentiation by ApoE deficiency and alleviation by dietary S-adenosyl methionine, Annurca apple-rich diet restores long-term potentiation and induces behaviorial modifications in aged rats, Associations of dietary flavonoids with risk of type 2 diabetes, and markers of insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in women: a prospective and cross-sectional analysis, Possible role for apple juice phenolic compounds in the acute modification of glucose tolerance and gastrointestinal hormone secretion in humans, Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of cider dihyrochalcones in healthy humans and subjects with an ileostomy, Weight loss associated with a daily intake of three apples or three pears among overweight women, Bone health and osteoporosis: a report of the surgeon general, Fruit and vegetable intakes and bone mineral status: a cross-sectional study in 5 age and sex cohorts, Effect of fruit on net acid and urinary calcium excretion in an acute feeding trial of women, Prevention of bone loss by phloridzin, an apple polyphenol, in ovariectomized rats under inflammation conditions, Apple phenol extracts prevent damage to human gastric epithelial cells in vitro and to rat gastric mucosa in vivo, Biological activity of carotenoids in red paprika, Valencia orange and Golden delicious apple. The effects of AP on specific enzymes involved in colon carcinogenesis have been examined. Rats were fed 2 different preparations of apple juice pressed from a mixture of apples to determine if 7 wk of daily consumption protected the mucosa from 1,2-dimethylhydrazineinduced genotoxic damage. A group of Finnish women consuming >71 g of apple/d experienced a 43% reduction in coronary mortality compared to women who did not eat apples. A case-control study from the UK also did not show a protective effect of apples on risk of developing asthma (58). Although further work is needed to extrapolate these findings to clinical outcomes, it is promising that there are multiple plausible mechanisms by which AP intake might reduce the risk of cancer in humans. Thus, the study of AP is highly relevant and they have important potential to affect the health of the populations consuming them. As such, it would be inaccurate to conclusively state that apples alone induce weight loss on the basis of this study. The wide range of polyphenol content in whole apples and apple juice is depicted in Table 1 (4, 5). High resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion. Daily administration of the apple extract (~272 mg of phenolics/100 g of apples) for 24 wk resulted in a significant dose-dependent reduction in the number and onset of mammary tumors compared to control rats. In vitro studies from the above laboratory examined the potential mechanisms by which AP may cause reduction in mammary tumors (29). Cancer chemopreventive potential of apples, apple juice, and apple components, Polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of new and old apple varieties, Estimated dietary flavonoid intake and major food sources in U.S. adults, Daily consumption of phenolics and total antioxidant capacity from fruits and vegetables in the American diet, Flavonol and flavone intakes in US health professionals, Dietary flavonoids and cancer risk in the Zutphen Elderly Study, Apple polyphenols and products formed in the gut differently inhibit survival of human cell lines derived from colon adenoma (LT97) and carcinoma (HT29), Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. Apples and AP3, including juices and extracts, have been included in health-related studies around the world due to their rich content of varied phytochemicals. The authors provided a detailed analysis of the association between compound structure and related antioxidant potential using TBARS, autooxidation of methyl linoleate, and scavenging of radicals including 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate, H2O2, and NO. In one study, polyphenols were extracted from the juice of a variety of table and cider apples. Apples were identified as the only flavonoid-rich food that might be protective. (23) recently reported that PKC activity was reduced by 50% in HT29 cells after 24-h exposure to apple extracts at a relatively high concentration (403 g/mL). A few studies have evaluated the potential of AP to prevent or reduce injury to gastric mucosa by drugs (75). Their review included an overview of the positive association between AP and health benefits demonstrated in observational studies (1). An extensive analysis of phytochemical metabolites in apple was reported by Cefarelli et al. It was found that high concentrations of the extract (2002000 nmol/L) for longer incubation periods with TNF (36 h) resulted in reduced NF-B activity, likely mediated via inhibited phosphorylation of IB. 63. A 2016 analysis from the PDP found that 80% of 531 apple samples contained residues of this chemical at 0.002-3.8 ppm, which is below the EPA's tolerance level of 10 ppm. Investigators in the laboratory of Shaheen et al. After apple consumption, FRAP increased significantly by 12% at 1 h and plasma levels of ascorbate and urate also increased. Hydrofluoric acid, 40%. Feeding the extract to rats for 3 wk resulted in significant dose-dependent reductions in several markers of lipid metabolism including reduced lipoperoxides (measured by TBARS) in serum and liver, lowered SOD activity in RBC, lower hepatic 6 desaturase activity, altered fecal excretion patterns, and reduced levels of oxidized cholesterol products in serum and liver. Several investigations have used cultured colonic cells, both healthy and cancer-derived cells lines, representing various developmental stages, to examine the in vitro effects of AP on cancer-related processes. Lichtenthaler et al. Approved as a medicinal fruit by the Chinese National Health and Wellness Commission [], hawthorn has higher dietary fiber, pectin, ascorbic acid, minerals, and antioxidant capacity than some common fruits [].Studies have confirmed that hawthorn is rich in amino acids (8 essential amino acids and 3-8 times more amino acids than fruit), protein (17 times . The upregulation of these enzymes suggests that regular apple consumption might promote a favorable milieu to reduce oxidation. A detailed report of apple phytochemicals and their health benefits was published by Boyer and Liu (1) in 2004. It was found that cell proliferation was reduced in cells exposed to apple extracts in a dose-dependent manner with a median EC50 of 65.1 g/L. The idea that there is a difference between "natural . Review of 93 intervention studies. Its chemical formula is C 10 H 10 O 4. List of Chemicals Dangerous Chemicals in Everyday Products 2. Apple intake also reduced DNA damage in mononuclear blood cells, an effect the investigators proposed was likely mediated by antioxidant mechanisms. Iso-octane. Increasingly protective effects were observed in rats fed extract doses equivalent to 1, 3, or 6 apples/d with reductions in tumor incidence of 17, 39, and 44%, respectively. Colonic microflora metabolize ingested polyphenols. Another in vitro study with AP demonstrated that there may be other beneficial effects to gastrointestinal health by an alternate mechanism of reducing risk of mutagenesis in gastric cancer (77). In men, the risk reduction was 19% in the group consuming >54 g compared to no apple intake (34). One widely studied mechanism related to cancer is oxidation. (20) crushed and extracted juice from cider and table apples harvested in Germany to prepare several polyphenolic mixtures, including one extract from apple pomace. I thought it might be interesting to list the top 20 organic and inorganic compounds of something like an . Familiar examples of physical properties include density, color, hardness, melting and boiling points, and electrical conductivity. Parents/caregivers reported apple and apple juice intake and health data of over 2600 children aged 511 y. A different study, using rats injected with the chemical carcinogen azoxymethane, known to cause a range of morphological changes including carcinoma, found protective effects of an extract of apple procyanidins provided to the animals in their drinking water for 6 wk (19). However, no varietal differences were observed in the chemical or microscopic analysis of cloud material. The product can be eaten without fear of pesticides and other harmful impurities. The influence of farming systems on the harvest of apple tree orchards and the chemical composition of apples S. Nominaitis1, V. M. Rutkoviene1, P. Vikelis 2 Key words: genus, scab, skin toughness, picking maturity, fruit quality Summary: Research of apple productivity and quality was carried out in organic and intensive The highest quartile of intake was > 47 g of apple/d, which approximates one-third of a medium-sized apple. Dietary fat, including high PUFA intake, is associated with increased lipid peroxidation resulting in DNA damage (40). Many recent studies demonstrate a beneficial effect of AP on critical processes in the etiology of disease at the metabolic and cellular level. It was found that apple consumption increased antioxidant enzymes, including SOD and glutathione peroxidase, in erythrocytes and overall antioxidant potential in plasma. In follow-up studies, the same authors examined the effect of isolated fractions on the above markers and concluded that the juice fraction itself was more effective than individual components of juice, including polyphenolic-rich extracts (18). Study of physico-chemical composition of Red Delicious and Amri apple The cells were exposed to apple extracts, prepared from fresh fruit (assayed for total phenolic and flavonoid content) across several ranges from 0 to 60 g/L. In a separate study, Shaheen et al. A physical property is a characteristic of matter that is not associated with a change in its chemical composition. Fructose and glucose were identified as the principal monosaccharides ( Table 2 ). Only 12.7% of the ingested compounds in cloudy apple juice reached the end of the intestine in unmetabolized form, whereas 22.3% were recovered as metabolites. Hyson, no conflicts of interest. Another study of AP was conducted in ovariectomized rats subjected to inflammation as a physiologic model of the postmenopausal state in humans (74). Tumor size as a significant prognostic factor in T1 gastric cancer: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database analysis. Copyright 2023 American Society for Nutrition. Very good resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and intergranular corrosion in various environments. Many investigators have taken great care to control for confounding variables known to affect lung health, but it is likely that unknown dietary and lifestyle factors have important effects. It was also found that the effect of apple procyanidins on apoptosis was enhanced by a known compound that inactivates polyamine oxidase, leading the authors to conclude that apple procyanidins might be considered as a chemopreventive agent for colon cancer by these mechanisms. The investigators isolated 43 components from an organic extract of apple and tested each for antioxidant/free radical scavenging activity using 5 different in vitro methods. These data support the potential of antioxidant activity to improve markers related to behavioral changes associated with the aging process. Similar results were found in cells exposed to an enriched extract of procyanidins (flavanols, catechin, and epicatechin). Each group was provided guidelines for a moderate hypocaloric diet designed to reduce body weight at a rate of 1 kg/mo (deficit of 250 kcal/d). The processes associated with aging and amplified in neurodegenerative diseases of aging are complex and not completely understood. Recent data support these findings, particularly those related to asthma. Extracts of apple pulp were shown to release NO from human saliva under acidic conditions, prompting the authors to propose a possible gastroprotective role of AP in mediating and scavenging of nitrogen oxides. AP consumption was also linked to beneficial effects on pulmonary function in healthy participants and those with diagnosed pulmonary disorders (1). One recent investigation focused on isolating and identifying bioactive compounds in apple peel associated with antiproliferative activity (32). Chemical compositional characterization of some apple cultivars filtered tea. The longer exposure time suggests that apple extracts target signaling elements upstream of PKC and not PKC specifically. Fresh apples contain about 15% total carbohydrate. There was a 27 and 28% lower risk of type 2 diabetes associated with the consumption of 26 apples/wk or 1 apple/d, respectively, compared to no apple consumption. Ogino et al. 1. The men were fed a restrictive, antioxidant-poor diet for 48 h followed by the apple challenge. (65) propose that the content of S-adenosyl methionine in apple juice concentrate might account in part for these effects, because comparable effects were observed with S-adenosyl methionine alone.
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chemical composition of an apple list